Former School of Government faculty member David Ammons, Albert Coates Professor Emeritus of Public Administration and Government, has authored a new publication. Published in May 2025, Improving Local Government Performance through Benchmarking describes the two types of benchmarking used by local governments—metrics benchmarking and best practice benchmarking—and cites examples and lessons learned across the nation and around the globe, including prominently lessons from the North Carolina Benchmarking Project.
Below, Ammons answers questions about the inspiration behind writing this book, expands on the complex nature of benchmarking for governments, and more.
What drove you to write this publication?
“I have been engaged in benchmarking projects throughout most of my career, including 25 years as a faculty advisor to the North Carolina Benchmarking Project. From experience and study, I have come to recognize and appreciate an array of considerations that shape the design of a benchmarking project and important issues that can affect its success. Writing this book was my opportunity to share what I have learned from my own research and experience, and from the research of other scholars in this field.”
What aspects of benchmarking are misunderstood by governments?
“Several aspects of benchmarking are not fully understood by many governments, but here I will mention two big ones. First, when done properly, benchmarking focuses on performance, not community or organizational characteristics or policies. A comparative inventory of characteristics or policies is not really benchmarking. Second, metrics benchmarking—the most common type of benchmarking in local government and the one most people think of—is not their only choice. Best practice benchmarking is an excellent choice as well.”
What can readers expect to learn from this publication?
“Many decisions are made, initially, in selecting a benchmarking type and, subsequently, in designing a benchmarking project without full consideration of the ramifications of those choices on the ultimate success of the project. Reading this book will help remove these blind spots.”
What are the two major types of benchmarking used by governments, and does one have advantages over the other?
“Most people are familiar with metrics benchmarking, the most common type in local government. Metrics benchmarking is a superb tool for diagnosing a department or program’s performance strengths and weaknesses. But if a manager or supervisor wants prescriptions for improving their unit’s performance, metrics benchmarking won’t do that. Best practice benchmarking will.”
By Sonja Matanovic
On a Monday morning in March, School of Government faculty member Kara Millonzi prepares to lead more than 50 public officials in a weekly ritual she calls “Finance Office Hours.” It is a time she and her colleagues set aside each week for the last five years—or sometimes every other week—to pull together the public finance officers working in local and state governments across North Carolina via Zoom.
These are not your average office hours for a university professor. For starters, everyone participating is a professional, most of them have their camera off, and while Millonzi’s tone is upbeat and helpful and her information is designed to be accessible to students, the content is dense and loaded with acronyms, technical language, and slides. And it comes on the heels of North Carolina’s worst and most expensive natural disaster: Hurricane Helene.
County and municipal government employees were on the front lines of this disaster and continue to work the front lines of the recovery effort. A December 2024 report by the Office of State Budget and Management noted that two keys to success in storm recovery are “1) quickly mobilizing significant, flexible capital and (2) proactively investing in local capacity and expertise to support post-disaster efforts.”
It’s the “significant, flexible capital” part that Millonzi has been working on lately after nearly two decades advising North Carolina’s local governments in the areas of public budgeting and finance. In addition to helping them shore up their financial reserves, access state and local disaster recovery funds, and balance their budgets, Millonzi provides a safe place for peer learning and for encouragement during a difficult time in their profession, when local government balance sheets might not look great because of cash flow issues due to Hurricane Helene.
“Kara’s deep expertise, combined with her approachability, made office hours a lifeline that local governments relied upon week after week,” said Lacy Pate, director of disaster recovery and grant assistance with the North Carolina Association of County Commissioners.
History of Office Hours
Finance office hours took off as a resource for North Carolina’s public officials during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, bringing finance professionals together with School of Government faculty to navigate urgent legal and practical challenges related to the pandemic.
Millonzi was an early adopter of Zoom at the School and used the tool to set up meetings when it was impossible to gather in person. Participants discussed executive orders, such as those that temporarily stopped collections from residential public utility customers, and financial tools like small business revolving loan funds, to help local governments support their communities during a tough time.
By 2022, finance office hours had evolved into a platform for understanding the American Rescue Plan Act’s Coronavirus State and Local Fiscal Recovery Funds (SLFRF), a program authorized by former President Joe Biden and designed to deliver $350 billion to state, territorial, local, and Tribal governments across the country to support recovery from the pandemic.
As with most federal funding, compliance standards were plentiful, and many North Carolina local governments—especially those with few staff members or simply inexperienced in working with federal funding—were in need but intimidated by the challenges they faced in accessing the funds. “Because SLFRF is administered by the U.S. Treasury, which is not a typical grant-making agency, local governments needed expert guidance, as well as peer collaboration and support,” said Pate.
Five years later, Millonzi and her colleagues are still leading weekly virtual office hours to provide up-to-date guidance on complex and shifting federal funding requirements, particularly on those related to disaster relief. The office hours help School faculty and others better understand issues facing different communities, and the information shared on these calls helps Millonzi be responsive to public officials and target the resources she’s creating for local governments.
“Office Hours provides the unique opportunity to overlay the federal guidelines with state statutes and requirements,” said Maria Standfest, a grants/project analyst with New Hanover County’s finance department. “What we learned early on is that just because Treasury says we can use SLFRF funds in certain ways, it doesn’t mean that it’s allowable in the state of North Carolina.”
“It’s hard to believe that we have had access to such a wealth of information at no cost,” added Standfest.
Then Came Hurricane Helene
In September 2024, Millonzi and her colleagues quickly adapted office hours to address Helene-related concerns, demonstrating the value of real-time problem-solving and peer support.
“Our region is rural and many of the local governments we serve are small,” said Cory Osborne, director of economic recovery and resilience with High Country Council of Governments, serving Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Mitchell, Watauga, Wilkes, and Yancey counties, all of which are located within Hurricane Helene’s FEMA-designated disaster areas.
“The calls after Helene have been a great resource for us,” said Osborne. “Most of my department’s work shifted after the storm to helping local governments with the FEMA Public Assistance (PA) Program. Navigating the PA program is challenging and complex. Alongside complying with FEMA regulations, local governments also must follow procurement requirements and statutory requirements on how they handle funding,” he added.
Osborne noted that the recurring support and knowledge the School offers has helped High Country Council of Governments navigate financial complexities. Knowing experts are easily reachable has been a comfort to employees and the communities they serve.
Finance officers from coastal North Carolina communities—many of whom have previous experience with hurricane recovery—also provided comfort, insights, and tips on these calls for their peers in western communities that were devastated by Hurricane Helene and in urgent need of federal funding.
Over time, the focus of finance office hours has broadened to cover general local government law and finance. While each government has its own challenges unique to their circumstances, they face many issues in common—an urgent need for a pipeline of employees trained in public finance, lack of training in navigating federal funding requirements, and not enough staff.
“Within the calls themselves, there’s wonderful information shared between local governments,” said Standfest. “Many times, questions are shared with the group and other units are able to answer them or offer their own experiences. They share obstacles they’ve encountered, solutions they’ve found, and recommendations for others.”
Office hours also foster collaboration between School faculty, local governments, and organizations such as the North Carolina Association of County Commissioners, regional Councils of Government, and state agencies. It has been particularly helpful to address hot topics and emerging issues.
“There is always a dedicated group of officials seeking guidance and sharing insights to support one another. It has become a community, where we all learn from each other, share with each other, and sometimes commiserate with each other,” said Millonzi. “I look forward to it every week.”
Published April 8, 2025
by Katie Geith
New UNC School of Government faculty member Dylan Russell was recently recognized with three distinguished honors, which underscore his contributions to public service, higher education, and leadership at UNC-Chapel Hill and across North Carolina.
In March, Russell was inducted into the Order of the Golden Fleece, Carolina’s oldest honor society.
Founded in 1904, the Order fosters connections among students, faculty, and alumni and selects members based on extraordinary service to the university in scholarship, motivation, creativity, loyalty, and leadership in academic and extracurricular pursuits. Russell was nominated by Richard Stevens, former state senator, UNC MPA alumnus, and Chair Emeritus of the UNC Board of Trustees.
“I believe deeply in the promise of UNC-CH and what it means for North Carolina,” said Russell.“To be inducted into the Order of the Golden Fleece—and to join the ranks of giants from the School of Government like Mike Smith, John Sanders, Albert Coates, and Anita Brown-Graham—is a profound honor. Their commitment to service and leadership has shaped this state, and their example continues to inspire me every day. I’m humbled to carry that legacy forward and grateful to be part of a tradition that recognizes the power of public service to unite, elevate, and transform communities through Carolina’s work.”
Also this year, Russell received the Chancellor’s Award for Student Undergraduate Teaching, which honors outstanding faculty and teaching assistants who demonstrate excellence in instruction and impact on student learning. The Student Undergraduate Teaching Awards were established to recognize outstanding undergraduate instruction by both faculty and teaching assistants. Teaching nominations are reviewed based on demonstrated and consistent teaching excellence, success in positively affecting a broad spectrum of students both in and outside the classroom, and the creation of a dynamic learning environment.
Russell was recognized for his work teaching State and Local Government (PUBA 401), a service-learning course placing undergraduate students in nonprofits and local governments across the state. In the class, students work with community partners to create policy briefs that address issues faced by the community. The course also serves as a gateway to public service careers: six of Russell’s former students have gone on to enroll in the UNC MPA program, and many now serve in local government leadership roles across the state.
One nomination for the award read, “Russell embodies the highest standards of undergraduate teaching excellence. Through his commitment to experiential learning, mentorship, career preparation, and fostering an inclusive and dynamic classroom, he inspires students to pursue meaningful careers in public service.”
In May, Russell received an award from Engaging Local Government Leaders (ELGL) or top influencers in local government. ELGL is a national organization that celebrates innovation in local government. The award honors public sector professionals making a difference in their communities and who demonstrate joy, creativity, connection, dependability, and equity through their work and public activities. Russell was one of three honorees from UNC, alongside UNC MPA alumnus Pat Madej and PELA graduate Jonathan Russell.
About Dylan Russell
Dylan Russell joined the School as a teaching assistant professor in May 2025. He serves as the faculty co-lead of Lead for North Carolina at the UNC School of Government. Lead for North Carolina facilitates high-impact fellowships for recent graduates in local government throughout the state. Under Dylan’s leadership, Lead for NC has connected over 150 young leaders with fellowships and secured over 10 million in funding to support these initiatives. Dylan’s research explores strategies for workforce development, talent retention, and institutional capacity in government organizations.
By Andy Bradshaw
The UNC School of Government congratulates Master of Public Administration faculty member and James E. Holshouser Jr. Distinguished Professor of Public Administration and Government Carl W. Stenberg on his recent receipt of the 2025 Elmer B. Staats Lifetime Achievement Award for Distinguished Public Service from the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA).
Stenberg was presented as this respective year’s winner at the ASPA Annual Conference. As stated by the nominating body’s requirements, candidates for the honor should demonstrate commanding public service careers with significant:
As a longtime scholar on the subject, Stenberg’s publishing career has seen him make several key academic contributions to the field of federalism; he is considered a leading national expert on local government management and structure. Many peers in the field consider his publications to be sources of record on the topic. His co-authored publication, Managing Local Government: An Essential Guide for Municipal and County Managers, is considered a foundational resource for top public office executives seeking a practical introduction to the changing structure, forms, and functions of local governments.
In accepting the honor from ASPA, Stenberg spoke of the meaning behind winning the award as a career-defining achievement in his decades-long commitment to public service.
“This recognition for lifetime contributions is the capstone of my public service career, which spans over 50 years,” he said. “I’ve worked at the federal, state, and local levels and served as chief executive officer of a national non-profit organization. I’ve also spent 35 years in 3 universities. I was really honored to receive this award and am thankful to my School of Government colleagues for nominating me.”
Stenberg’s career accomplishments in public administration are numerous, even separate from his tenure at the School. He served as dean of Yale Gordon College of Liberal Arts, the University of Baltimore; director of the Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, University of Virginia; executive director of the Council of State Governments; and assistant director of the United States Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. He has served in editorship capacities for The Regionalist, Public Administration Review, The Journal for Public Managers, and the University of Virginia News Letter.
Willow S. Jacobson, director of the School’s Master of Public Administration (MPA) program, expressed admiration for her colleague’s public service impact in her nomination for his candidacy.
“His work in intergovernmental relations leaves a lasting legacy to students, the field of public administration, and communities across North Carolina. He also is a true mentor to his students—both academics and public professionals—as they seek to expand their public service footprint. I count myself as extremely lucky to have him on my Master of Public Administration faculty.”
Stenberg spoke during his remarks about the honor behind carrying on the legacy of the award’s namesake, who was a founding member of ASPA and its national president from 1961-1962.
“I’m also honored to receive the lifetime public service award named for Elmer Staats, who was one of my heroes,” he remarked. “Elmer was a proud and passionate supporter of good governance as well as of national organizations that stood up for the public service – the American Society for Public Administration and National Academy of Public Administration.”
At the School, Stenberg embraces the objective of connecting public administration theory with practice and making a meaningful impact on the public management field. In 2004, he led the creation of the School’s top leadership program, the Public Executive Leadership Academy. For two decades, he served as its lead faculty member, working to educate the state’s senior executive leaders in local government. It is a legacy of combining public administration scholarship with tangible, positive outcomes that he spoke of in his acceptance remarks.
“As I reflect on the different platforms from which I’ve been able to engage in public service, I feel confident that my “pracademic” perspective has been of value to those who I’ve served – chief administrative officers, elected officials, colleagues, and students. I’ve found that bridging the worlds of theory and practice to apply knowledge that works to improve governance and service to the public has been truly rewarding.”
“With respect to what I hope to have accomplished during my public service career, my focus has been on helping governments better serve their people through teaching and training public officials. I also hope that I’ve encouraged students to pursue public service careers, shown them how government service can be both transactional and transformative, and enabled them to be effective boundary spanners and respected public servants.”
Stenberg has a long service history to the American Society for Public Administration. He was instrumental in the origins of its Section on Intergovernmental Administration and Management (SIAM), having joined in its founding and playing an instrumental role in advancing its mission to study, understand, and improve federal systems and other forms of intergovernmental relations. Like Elmer Staats, he has also served the ASPA organization as its president, at-large member, and president of a regional chapter. Last year, SIAM awarded him the Legacy Award for his advancement of the study and practice of federalism in government. In 2020, the Section recognized his service with the receipt of the Donald C. Stone Distinguished Scholar Award.
Published April 22, 2025
This interview highlights the rewarding research work of Lilly Parker, an MPA student as she works with Dr. Teshanee Williams and nonprofit organizations to find new ways to objectively measure what these organizations use to achieve their missions.
Q: Where are you from originally?
Lilly Parker: I’m from Louisville, Kentucky. After undergrad at Wake Forest, I moved to Atlanta to teach. But now, I’m loving life in North Carolina, especially the Triangle area. I live in Chapel Hill, but I have friends in Durham and Raleigh, so it’s great having all three cities nearby. The Triangle area has so much to offer, and it’s such a welcoming place. Living in a college town like Chapel Hill has been a unique experience. There’s a real sense of community and creativity here.
Q: Can you tell me a little bit about your role as a Research Assistant?
Lilly Parker: Yes! So, I work with Dr. Teshanee Williams, who is the main nonprofit management professor in the MPA program. This semester, she’s teaching the nonprofit management class online, and next semester she’s teaching a class on local government and nonprofit collaboration.
I was really excited when I got paired up with her for my RA job because I’ve always been interested in nonprofit management. One thing that attracted me to the UNC MPA program was its focus on cross-sector collaboration, especially between nonprofits and local governments. So, when I learned I’d be doing research with Dr. Williams, I was thrilled. Her research is centered around nonprofit capacity building and collaboration between the public sector and nonprofits.
Q: Can you tell me more about the concept of capacity building that you’re working on?
Lilly Parker: Absolutely! Nonprofit capacity refers to everything an organization uses to achieve its mission. We are examining five different components of capacity: organizational, resource, network, political, and programmatic.
When I first met with Dr. Williams, she explained that in her previous research, review boards often mentioned the need for a more objective way to measure capacity. Most current methods rely on surveys filled out by executive directors, who might unknowingly or knowingly answer in ways that reflect positively on their organizations. So, we’re designing an objective way to measure capacity. It’s really exciting because I’ve been involved since the beginning stages, and Dr. Williams is walking me through every step.
Q: What have you worked on so far?
Lilly Parker: We started by reviewing the existing literature on how capacity is measured, focusing on whether it has been measured objectively in the past. I wrote a literature review based on our findings, and we decided on our research variables. We’re looking at how revenue diversification—like getting funds from many different sources such as government grants, foundations, earned income, and/or individual donations—correlates with each component of capacity.
Right now, we’re finishing up designing the tool that we will use to measure each component of a nonprofit’s capacity. We are also beginning to collect available data on Smart Start, the organization we will be studying. Dr. Williams has been an incredible mentor, guiding me through each phase. This has been especially helpful since I didn’t have a ton of prior research experience.
Q: Did you always know you wanted to work in the nonprofit sector? What drew you to this position?
Lilly Parker: My journey into the nonprofit sector started in high school and undergrad. I volunteered with many organizations like the Boys and Girls Club in Louisville and Latino Community Services in Winston-Salem. These experiences helped me realize that I love volunteering for nonprofits and working with kids. After college, I taught for three years but quickly realized that there were many systemic issues affecting my students that I couldn’t address as a teacher. That’s what inspired me to pursue the MPA—I want to work in organizations influencing system-level change. Nonprofits have always appealed to me because of their mission-driven work and the autonomy they have in how they operate.
Q: That’s such an inspiring journey. How has it been working with Dr. Williams?
Lilly Parker: She’s incredible to work with. We meet weekly, and she’s very committed to guiding her students. She walks me through her thought process, explains what we’re trying to achieve, and then trusts me to carry out the work. It’s been a fantastic learning opportunity.
One thing I really appreciate about Dr. Williams is her commitment to making sure that her research directly benefits the communities and organizations we study. She ensures that our research provides practical tools that nonprofits can use to improve their capacity.
Q: What are your plans post-graduation?
Lilly Parker: I’m still figuring that out! I want to work in the nonprofit sector, ideally as an advocate for children and families. The MPA program is great because it’s giving me a wide range of skills, from law to financial management to HR. I’m taking grant writing next semester, which I think will be super useful. I’m leaning towards roles in either development or program management, but I’m open to exploring different options.
Professor Kimalee Dickerson uses her reserach on studying women of color in government to bring back the Engaging Women of Color Conference. Held last June with over 80 participants and a focus on mental health and well-being, Dickerson talks about the importance of her study, on the group of women this conference brought together, and how this work and group helps shape the roles of women in government. The 2024 conference will be held June 14th. Registration is open to all public officials, government employees, and nonprofit employees. This conference focuses on the perspectives and experiences of women of color working in public service.
Read more on the story here.
Dr. Maureen Berner, and UNC MPA student and current physician, Dr. Amro Ilaiwy were published in the North Carolina Pharmacist, official journal of the North Carolina Association of Pharmacists. The Journal is a resource for pharmacists and health professionals in North Carolina, providing drug and practice information from across the state and around the world.
Their piece, “Who Gets What? Drivers of Emergency Room Use and Access to Medication Assistance Programs in North Carolina.”, is an analysis of Prescription Assistance Programs in North Carolina and their effect on healthcare use based on the volume of local emergency room visits.
“Having professors collaborate with students with a wide variety of backgrounds, just getting started on their careers or seeing how to apply their current specialty in a new way via applied research projects is a win-win-win for students, faculty, and communities in North Carolina” said Dr. Berner.
Dr. Ilaiwy was the driving force behind this publication, and Dr. Berner aided in the research process.
“As a physician who provided care to many patients via the Cumberland County Medication Access Program (CCMAP), I saw tremendous value in gaining better understanding of how these programs work and identifying opportunities for improvement. Dr. Berner inspired me to conduct a program evaluation as part of the PUBA720 class in hopes of bridging the knowledge gap both on a local and state level” Dr. Ilaiwy states.
Two major findings came out of this research. The first finding was that residents within rural counties utilize emergency services at a higher volume than residents in urban counties. Dr. Ilaiwy describes this discovery can be attributed to lack of access to urgent care or primary care facilities in rural areas. Moreover, residents of rural counties are less likely to have adequate or health insurance in general. The second finding presented in the publication was there appeared to be no association between increased access to medication assistance programs in rural counties and lower ER visit volumes per capita.
Dr. Ilaiwy warns, “One caveat to note here is higher numbers of MAP sites within a county may simply reflect declining insurance coverage and increased need for prescription assistance.”
This collaboration allowed Dr. Ilaiwy to develop a deeper understanding of program evaluation. He was also able to gain experience working with, collecting, and analyzing data.
“Students like Amro support my love of working with our students as much as (I hope) my working with him has allowed him to advance is passion for helping people live better and longer lives” states Dr. Berner.
Rebecca Badgett and Bill Rivenbark conducted tailored Unit Assistant List (UAL) training sessions to address the financial challenges of counties and municipalities. With the support of Lead for North Carolina Fellow LaShonda Sousa, they delivered five training sessions to over 70 municipalities. Learn about the significance of UAL training, the strategic approach to measuring success, and how the team promotes fiscal responsibility in the classroom.
This event is open to the public and is sponsored by the Carolina Center for Public Service in conjunction with Carolina Engagement Week.
UNC School of Government- Rm 2402, Knapp-Sanders Building 400 South Rd, Chapel Hill NC
UNC Master of Public Administration faculty members contribute their talents through a variety of public administration national leadership and service positions. Reflecting the breadth of expertise of its faculty, UNC MPA faculty provide service as committee members, board members, and editors of some of the nation and world’s leading scholarly public sector organizations.
“Our faculty have been extraordinarily successful connecting the School’s model of engaged scholarship with the broader national academic and professional communities,” said UNC School of Government Dean Aimee N. Wall. “As recognized experts in their fields of public administration, they are making practical and significant contributions that not only advance the field but directly benefit our students and North Carolina’s public officials every day.”
Read more about the variety of public service organizations and positions with which UNC MPA faculty engage.
Whitney Afonso, Professor of Public Administration and Government
Editorial board member| Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory; Public Budgeting & Finance
Executive committee member | Association for Budgeting & Financial Management
Finance committee member | Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration
Leisha DeHart-Davis, Professor of Public Administration and Government; Director, Local Government Workplaces Initiative
Founding board member | Consortium of Race, Gender, and Equity Researchers
Board member | Center for Organizational Research and Design, Arizona State University
Editorial board member | The American Review of Public Administration; State and Local Government Review
Willow S. Jacobson, Director, UNC MPA Program; Robert W. Bradshaw Jr. Distinguished Professor of Public Administration and Government
Board member | The Section on Personnel Administration and Labor Relations, American Society for Public Administration
Editorial board member | Public Personnel Management; Review of Public Personnel Administration; Korean Journal of Policy Studies
Jonathan Q. Morgan, Professor of Public Administration and Government
Board of directors | International Economic Development Council
Kimberly L. Nelson, Professor of Public Administration and Government
Board member |The Section on Intergovernmental Administration and Management, American Society for Public Administration
Co-editor | State and Local Government Review
Co-chair | Local Government Education Committee, Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration; Graduate Education Committee, International City/County Management Association
Editorial board member| Public Administration Review; The American Review of Public Administration
William C. Rivenbark, Professor of Public Administration and Government
Editorial board member | International Journal of Public Administration; Public Administration Quarterly; Public Administration Review
John B. Stephens, Associate Professor of Public Administration and Government
Steering committee member | University Network for Collaborative Governance
Leisha DeHart-Davis is a professor of public administration at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is also the director of the Local Government Workplaces Initiative at the School of Government. LGWI is a research program that investigates workplace climate and employee engagement. This information aids local government agencies in creating great work environments. DeHart-Davis also researches organizational behavior within the public sector, organizational structure, and workplace incivility. She is also a Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration which is a nonprofit organization that provides expertise on public policy and governance issues. DeHart-Davis is also a two-time published author of Creating Effective Rules in Public Sector Organizations and Understanding Gender Imbalance in Public Sector Leadership. Her research articles have also been published in Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Public Administration Review, International Public Management Journal, Administration and Society, and Review of Public Personnel Administration. The article is an interview with Leisha DeHart-Davis about her service through research to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It discusses her career path and her passion for local government. It also highlights her overall dedication to the School of Government and the Carolina community.
Read the full interview written by UNC Research here.